Day IX

The ninth day in the field was wet. After leaving the field early yesterday due to heavy rain, when we arrived at the site it looked pretty much how we expected...

Bakery area.

Part of the palisade wall area.

The palisade wall trench uncovered.

After bailing the water off of the tarps and out of the units, it turned out to be a rather productive day. Three units (including mine!) were photographed and their paperwork finished, at least ten buckets were water-screened, and Eleanor, Tori, and I began to excavate the barracks; but not before driving ourselves crazy laying out the remaining flags. After surveying the barracks area the past few days, we were left with a few gaps in the flags that serve as a grid for the units. We filled those gaps in using the Pythagorean theorem ("a" squared plus "b" squared equals "c" squared); from two known points we measured out the diagonal side of a right triangle to accurately place a flag on the other side of an imaginary trench running through the earthworks of Fort Confederation.

Breaking ground at the barracks!

 After prepping the new unit with the rake, clippers, and trowel, I dug into the old Fort Confederation earthworks. I only had to remove barely an inch out of the northeast quadrant to uncover a seven centimeter long, trapezoid shaped piece of lead glazed earthenware that is a glossy reddish-brown. We expect to find a lot of artifacts in this area in the upcoming days because the soldiers lived in this spot during the French occupation of the site and the units that cut into the earthworks contain, possibly, material that was scraped up from the surronding areas during their constuction post-Fort Tombecbe.

Can't wait to get back out there tomorrow!

 - Light Horse

Profiles and Water

I spent the better part of this week continuing work on a trench feature that was originally opened in 2012. It is not entirely clear what this trench initially was; however, it is possible that this was a corner of the bakery. Today I finished profiling the west, east and south walls of the unit. What’s profiling? That’s an excellent question. A profile is basically a vertical map detailing the depth of the various layers within a unit, or in this case feature. These profiles are another important aspect of the research process. While it is easy to see and reference the way a unit looks in the field, an entire unit cannot be returned to the lab for further analysis. Therefore, these profiles help researchers contextualize the various layers of artifacts and soils from one unit or multiple units put together. The process is time consuming because accuracy is KING in archaeology. The profile for my feature, which I have nicknamed The Hole to the Center of the Earth, was started with chaining pins, waxed cotton line, and a bubble level. These are strung up across the wall being profiled and then meticulously leveled in order to provide a good reference point for all measurements taken. The rest of the process involves measuring the distance from the bottom of the layer to the level line and recording the points on graph paper. They are actually one of my more favorite paperwork activities because it is essentially an elaborate connect-the-dot picture of the area that I worked on. I’m very excited to see this unit completely cleaned and photographed.

Profiling the Hole to the Center of the Earth 

The rest of Team Bakery also had a productive day. Natalie found a colonial era pin during her screening process. This is completely awesome (highly academic language intended). It was so small and still sharp! It still had enough umph to nick Natalie’s palm. Boone found three nails in the same general area of his unit (hmm, there’s something happening here, what it is ain’t exactly clear…).[1] Rain ended our day in the field early so we returned to campus for a few hours of lab work.

Natalie's Pin

                Our nature challenge this week has been water, lots and lots of water. I spent several hours water screening the soil from the feature. This is a process of using water to wash away soil and debris in order to better see artifacts and lithics (stones and stone products). This process is usually very soothing for me because it is a bit of a scavenger hunt, but this particular site does not have access to electricity so we are reliant on a rather finicky pump that makes terrifying noises. During the screening process, I admit that I was more concerned with not breaking Brian’s pump than I was with washing away all the chalky clay. However, the job must be done, so I gathered my courage and screened like a mad freak. In addition to water screening, once we take artifacts back to the lab, they are further washed with water and a toothbrush. After washing, the material is placed on trays lined with newspaper to dry before sorting. Today in particular we spent many hours washing because excavation efforts were rained out.

Washing

                In my first post about frogs and chalky chalk I mentioned that archaeologists work outside and contend with the myriad issues that Mother Nature tosses our way. Today, she graced us with plentiful rain. Rain is a challenge not only because precious time in the field is lost, but because the site has to be protected. If not covered correctly, open units quickly become swimming pools. In most places this is problematic, but not tragic. At Fort Tombecbe however, the chalk layer is impermeable and therefore swimming pools must be bailed out with buckets – uh, not fun. As we were working to secure the site in a downpour Dr. Dumas explained that the best way to tarp an area is to shingle the tarps so that water doesn’t run down the plastic like a slide – think about how roof tiles are laid out and that is how to properly tarp for rain.

 

Rain Cover

          While not directly related to me getting soaking wet, we ended our day with a search for shark’s teeth in the lab with James Lamb and Brian Mast. They very graciously shared gravel from a local creek that they collected in February. I’m from Florida so February water isn’t all that cold, but this part of Alabama had a particularly chilly winter and the gravel collection was uncomfortable. It was an exciting way to end a day of water activities and to recover from our first meal in the campus cafeteria. Rosa, we miss your cooking already!

 

Rosa sent Moon Pies!

Soggy but Happy,
Jean

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[1] Buffalo Springfield, “For What It's Worth,” written by Stephen Stills; Produced by Charles Greene and Brian Stone. (Forgive me, I don’t have my Turabian with me)

Tacky T-shirt Tuesday

At the beginning of the day, the lovely Jean Louise came up with a fantastic idea. To wear the tackiest shirt you own on Tuesday. Thus began the Tacky T-Shirt Tuesday. 

Look at the wild sky goat!!!

 When I last informed you of the going-ons of Fort Tomb Ecbe, I was struggling with the hated roots. I unfortunately am still struggling with those vile pieces of wood. It goes to show the slow process archaeology really is. I have removed from my one meter squared unit, nine buckets of dirt and I’ve only descended 10-12 centimeters.  In those 10 to 12 centimeters I’ve found six nails, a hinge, pieces of brick and glass, six pottery sherds, numerous bones, small charcoal deposits, and lots of mineral inclusions. Just to fill you readers in, a mineral inclusion is a ferrous deposit that forms inside the chalk that looks like metal, sounds like metal, and is completely useless. It forms in irregular shapes that might make you think rusted nail? But no, it is only a mineral inclusion. Team Bakery has been disappointed on several accounts similar to these.

Team Bakery has, however, had many triumphant successes. Napoleon (BJ) found three giant pot sherds in his unit.

Careful now.

We also discovered a line of nails along the southern area of my unit that stretched into both Napoleon’s and Boon’s unit. This would suggest that either a wall or a floorboard of the bakery fell into that area and rotted. The nails were left behind without disturbance. We did find a hinge in the line with the nails, but this artifact was disturbed by colonial activity. The reason we could tell this is because instead of lying flat on the ground, the hinge was standing vertically in the dirt.

Today after a long, grueling first half of the day working in the shade, wind, and dirt we retreated to lunch. After lunch we took a walk to see Trader Jones’ house. There was white chalk everywhere which reflected the intense sunlight and made us appreciate the shady grotto in which we are currently working in. As we were leaving I picked up a piece of gun furniture (the decorative iron on the gun). It was on the surface because a previous owner had bulldozed the area which turned all of the artifacts lying underneath out of context.   This is the worst possible occurrence for an archaeologist. Think of it this way, yes, it’s a piece of gun furniture, but what does it tell us? How can we use this artifact to relate to the people of the past? Archaeologists use an artifacts position, and relation to other artifacts to learn these things. For example, I found six nails in my unit. They were in a line, had I not marked this line down, then I would have just found six nails in my unit. The information I received was that a wall or a wooden piece of flooring fell down. I would never have been able to infer that idea without it. Context is heavily important in archaeology.

My prize for the day

In lighter news, Napoleon has once again managed to make us laugh so hard we cry!

Team Bakery for life!

Natalie Mooney, once again signing out.

But before that Run Brian Run!

"Eat Moar Chikin"™
 

Week 2 Day 1: The Rise of Team Palisade

After killing a few bugs in Jean’s unit and accidentally wounding a frog, our day began. While Team Bakery continued their excavations, Lee, Emily, Tori, and I (Eleanor), also known as Team Palisade, took a short break from our excavation units in and around the palisade wall and focused on surveying the barracks area. We are looking to excavate a cross section, containing the Spanish mounds of Fort Confederation, the inside of the barracks, and the area behind the barracks. This will give us a good overview of what we might expect from these three areas since we are not able to excavate all of it. Also, by excavating this cross section, we will be able to get a better idea of the architecture of the barracks itself. 

Note: We want to excavate the Spanish mounds, which were built to stop American artillery, because these mounds probably contain parts of the old French fort. 

To put it briefly, Team Palisade became bubble masters. The first step to surveying is to level the surveying tripod on an existing stake, which has already been tied into the map of the fort. Needless to say, the bubble in the level was a source of great frustration. We found ourselves whispering when we were stabilizing the bubble in the level so as not to disturb it as we adjusted the legs of the tripod.

After leveling the tripod directly on the center of the stake, we were then able to begin plotting points. Lee and I input coordinates into the data collector, which is connected to the total station on the tripod. In the picture below, the red circle is pointing out the total station and the yellow circle is highlighting the data collector. 

From there, we would look through the total station at a pole in the barracks area. The total station knows if the pole is at the right point because it shoots a red laser to a prism that is placed on the pole, which shoots back to the total station with a reading. Then, Lee and I would tell Tori and Emily exactly where to move the pole, which they would do with the help of meter sticks.

After a wonderful dinner, Dr. Dumas gave us an overview of the history of Fort Tombecbe as a way to give us a better idea of the significance of the fort to the region. Also it served to tell us how what we are excavating is important in understanding the lives not only of the French and Swiss mercenaries that were stationed at the fort, but also the lives of the Indians and the how they impacted the lives of the Europeans. 

Today is not only Memorial Day, but also the day of the Battle of Ackia (May 26, 1736) the reason for which Fort Tombecbe was built. After the revolt of the Natchez Indians and the destruction of the fort there, the Natchez Indians abandoned their area and sought refuge with the Chickasaws, allies of the British. The French Governor Bienville of Louisiana was planning an attack on the Chickasaws and Natchez Indians with help from more French troops coming from the Illinois country. However, he needed a post further up the Tombigbee River that could supply his troops. Thus, Fort Tombecbe was born. The battle however was a bust for the French. Bienville lost 100 troops, including 27 officers. If you wish to learn more about the general history of site, please go to: http://www.forttombecbe.org/page/History. 

Overall a very productive day at Fort Tombecbe! Tomorrow we will continue plotting points in the barracks area. Even though surveying sounds tedious, it was actually a lot of fun (at least for me!).  

Pest Killer (Eleanor) signing off

Recapping the First Week

Captains Log:
   Hello all and salutations from UWA campus.  As it is Saturday, there was no excavating done today, nor will there be any done tomorrow.  The break in excitement was welcomed as we're all getting adjusted to our early schedules. The dig and various finds have been exciting, and I will touch base on those, but the greatest part so far has been the camaraderie of our small and tight-knit group.
   We have our small dig-area rivalries ( Team Bakery vs. Team Palisade) but everyone is excited when anyone finds something.  Most of us admitted to being hermits most of the time but field school seems to bring out the best in people.
   Being a weekend, I don't currently have access to the photos taken during the week; an oversight that will be rectified in my next post.  We've found what we suspect to be the Northeast corner of the French bakery that was located in Fort Tombecbe, which - with our accumulation of maps and research notes - gives us a starting point for hypothesizing the footprint of the building.  This is a giant discovery, because that can give us the exact location of the oven that we've been hoping to find. We've also found physical objects: glass beads (the biggest was found by yours truly), pottery shards, and pieces of glass.  Hopefully next week Team Bakery can begin to get into the lower levels of our units and open up more excavation units to help complete the footprint of the French bakery.
  Not a lot to report by means of excavating today, but the group has bonded well over the weekend and it is pretty apparent that everyone will keep in touch and become lifelong friends, all thanks to Fort Tombecbe.

Star Date 1014.06.24
Tingle out.

Day 5

Today was the fifth day of our excavation at Fort Tombecbe and the last day of our work week. Team Bakery is still excavating the bakery area and Team Palisade is still excavating the area in and around the wall area.

After lunch we went around to each unit and the excavator explained what was happening in their area. The bakery area (Team Bakery) has an interesting collection of stacked chalk made bricks that could be the corner of the bakery. On the southern end of the bakery area some interesting finds were made, one of which was a blue glass bead found by B.J. This is significant because beads are a rarity here at Fort Tombecbe, whereas in other forts they can be scattered everywhere and very common. Natalie, in the unit next to B.J.’s, throughout the day uncovered a bunch of nails and realized that they seemed to be in a line. B.J. then also uncovered a nail that was in line with the ones in Natalie’s unit. As if this was not enough, Team Bakery took the win for the day when Natalie also uncovered a hinge. At this point all we can do is speculate what this accumulation of artifacts means but they are tantalizing clues!

I would like to point out that Natalie’s nails are an example of why archaeologists pull back layers of dirt one at a time at a painstakingly slow pace. If it had been decided to shovel through the hard chalk to where we thought there might be something we never would have noticed the placement of the nails in a line. We would have known they came from a general area but the placement is very helpful in understanding that part of the site and what was going on there.

As previously stated in another post, Lee and I opened new units in the wall area. Today I got closer to the bottom of level A which is several inches deep and I began to uncover small artifacts such as glass, bits of brick, animal bone fragments, and one nail. It was interesting to find the nail on the outside of the wall and not on the inside of the fort. Because this nail was outside of the wall and this was somewhat unusual I had to piece plot it.

To piece plot an artifact first you set out a folding measuring tape along the edge of your unit so it is lined up with your marker flags. Then you measure out from the wall how far it is into the unit. To ensure accuracy you use a plumb bob which is a weighted and pointed tool tied to a string that you hang over your artifact to make finding your measurement easier.

Plumb Bob

Plumb Bob Example 1 (Not Fort Tombecbe)

Plumb Bob Example 2(Not Fort Tombecbe)

The South East corner of my unit is part of Feature 2 which is the palisade wall and it is darker in color and contrasts well with the surrounding chalk. The texture is also different, the chalk is hard and when scrapped away with a trowel becomes dusty and the Feature 2 dirt is softer and crumbles. The area around the feature is where all of the pieces of brick, bone, and glass have been coming from.

Eleanor uncovered a piece of pottery sticking out of the wall of her unit on the inside of the palisade wall in an area that had different color and texture. There was another spot like this two units over which she has begun to excavate as well. Brian and Ron are excavating the palisade wall and found a small blue bead (I know I said it was rare but we got lucky today). They also found a piece of hand painted faience, white with blue paint.

Over all we have made a lot of progress this week and have had some great finds!

Day IV

Greetings from Fort Tombecbe, where "civilization and savagery met and the wilderness beheld the glory of France."

The first days of my first field experience have been a great one; the project family, the students and volunteers are knowledgable and hilarious.

Day four was spent in the dirt. When we arrived at the site this morning I had a full wheelbarrow of material from yesterday that I removed from a one meter by one meter unit excavated only about five centimeters deep. The water-screen was waiting for me.

Water screening is a process in which the dirt material dug out of the ground is placed on a screen and sifted through the mesh wire using water pressure to recover tiny pieces of chalk, brick, ceramic, metal, glass, bone, charcoal, clay pipe, bead, faience, etc. Today we used 1/8 inch and 1/4 inch screens to recover these tiny pieces of history. My wheelbarrow of dirt (half screened through the 1/4 inch mesh and half through the 1/8 inch mesh) yielded a gallon bag full of these little artifacts. In the westardly portion of the wall area particularly, we don't expect to find the same amount or type of artifacts that others would, as it is located outside of the fort walls. However, significant artifacts found include two pieces of triangular greenish-blue glass, bone (and part of a tooth), and red brick flecks.

 At lunch we inhaled our sandwiches just a few meters away from the bluff looking out over the beautiful Tombigbee River as we laughed playing the relentless Name Game.

After fighting off the daily food coma, I returned to my section in the wall area next to the "french drain" feature. I found a few more pieces of splintered bone, specks of red brick, and plenty of chalk as I was leveling out the unit with my trowel. Ron and Brian, two meters south of me, unearthed pieces of the wooden post once at the heart of Fort Tombecbe's palisade as they finished prepping the feature for mapping and photos. Awesome!

- Light Horse

Frogs, Chalky Chalk, and Mapping Features: Day 3

One aspect of archaeology that often gets overlooked is the fact that we work outside and periodically find bugs, spiders, beetles, toads and frogs inside the unit that was supposedly secured at the end of the previous day. This morning as we were beginning work at Team Bakery, a nice little frog joined us for a few moments before we relocated it to a safer part of the site. After the excitement of the frog/toad find, Team Bakery settled in for a fine morning of attempting to trowel through thick chalk deposits. At one point, James made the comment “this is very chalky chalk.” While it is a humorous thought and we had a good laugh, it does not help to describe the challenges of excavating on a chalk bluff. Chalk is alternatively very soft when it is most inconvenient, and it is extremely hard when you find yourself wishing it was soft. The soft somewhat fragile chalk tends to flake off in layers and leaves an interesting coating of white dust on your shoes, hands, clothes, and face (if you’re really lucky).

Our morning visitor

           Part of my morning was spent mapping (graphing) a small, circular deposit of Charcoal that I noticed in my unit yesterday. Though it was small and shallow it is still necessary to make a record of the location of the deposit. Troweling and discovering ceramics, glass, and nails is certainly the more sexy aspect of the work, but mapping constitutes an important, and periodically time consuming part of the job. It is basically a process of measuring and graphing the feature for future analytical reference. While I was busy with mapping and writing descriptions of the feature, the rest of Team Bakery, Natalie, B.J., and James continued work on the new units that they opened on Tuesday. It was a rather productive day for the Team. James uncovered a nice piece of green lead glazed earthenware and Natalie discovered a lovely sherd of faience, a tin glazed French ceramic.

Faience

                After lunch, I started to work on what is possibly a corner of the French bakery. This involved first scrapping away some very clayish soil while paying particularly close attention to the amount of brick and mortar flecking. This feature is located at the termination of a rather deep trench and in order to best reach the area I ended up lying face down over the trench. Some of the work was done with good old trusty Beavis the Trowel, but I also had to use a small bamboo tool and a spoon in order to not damage the fragile mortar block and small fragments. This is slow work and in the morning I will continue work on this feature. A feature can be roughly defined as a non-moveable element of an archaeological site. Unlike an artifact, a feature cannot be taken back to the lab for later analysis which is why the process of mapping and photographing are so important.

Mapping and chalky work shoes

                After an amazing dinner of black-eyed peas, pickled peaches, tomato jam, homemade mashed potatoes, biscuits and corn on the cob provided by the world’s greatest volunteer and “camp mom” Rosa, we retired to the lab for an evening of exploration and cleaning. Dr. Dumas shared part of the Black Belt Museum’s type collection with us and then we worked on washing artifacts from the previous excavation season. Washing is exactly what it sounds like: filling a small tub with water and cleaning the artifacts with a toothbrush. After washing they are laid out to dry on trays. We ended our evening with another frog sighting in front our dorm rooms. It brought the day full circle: frogs, chalky chalk, and mapping. 

Day 2: Team Bakery vs. Team Palisade

Day 2

The Southwest Bastion

Today was the second day of excavation at Fort Tombecbe. As many of you reading this blog know, we are currently excavating the palisade wall and the bakery area in the southwest bastion of the French Fort. Today we split up into two teams, Team Bakery and Team Palisade. Team Palisade opened two brand new excavation units and continued work on the palisade wall. Team Bakery opened up two and a half new excavation units and continued work on a feature previously documented.

During the many hours that I was removing dirt, I realized three very important facts.

      

     1)Roots are the bane of my existence.

Menacing I know

     2) There is more dirt than you will ever imagine coming from just a few centimeters depth. 

     3) If you need anything identified, lick it.  Or ask Jean.

Despite the first two distressing points, today was a very informative day as to learning how to excavate.  First, if there is grass growing on top of a unit, take the clippers and clip them. Do not pull them up because this could ruin the context beneath. Second, when pulling back the dirt, only take back a little bit at a time. When you have finally removed the hummus and organic material of the top layer, then you take a sample and assign it a color, texture, and note any disturbances in the soil.

Munsell or Munsell it's all the same.

To assign color, as everybody sees colors differently, Dr. Albert Munsell created a color system based on value, hue, and chroma. It’s called the Munsell Color System! Anyway, take a sample and match up the colors and that is the color of your soil. We usually refer to a page called 10YR as that matches up most of the soil located at Fort Tombecbe. 

Texture is separated into four categories: sand, silt, clay, and loam. Sand is gritty (hint: think beach sand). Silt is powdery like flour. Clay is sticky and can form an inch thick ribbon. Loam is a combination of these three categories. The soil we were working with today over at Team Bakery was actually a loamy clay like texture. It came up in clumps and is not very fun to work with.

Once the soil is assigned its traits, then comes the serious digging. Everything is put into buckets that are assigned a provenience, and with provenience comes paper work. Provenience includes the site number (ISu7), the area excavated (Wall Area/Bakery), the Unit number (e.g. 24,25, 17), the zone number (the southwest bastion), digger’s initials, the date,  and the Field Specimen number (mine was 423).

During the digging, Team Palisade (and Brian) found some nice artifacts and features including a whole brick placed within the palisade wall. Great job, guys!

Team Bakery, (Jean Louise, BJ, James/Boone, and me of course) mapped a feature that needed to be redone and we also found two pieces of brick, a bone, tree roots, worms, centipedes, and snails.  We also had our dreams and hopes crushed by nature. We found a square “gaming piece” (chalk) and three pieces of brick (actually mineral inclusions).  Hopefully we will learn more as we go deeper,.

Natalie Mooney (Team Bakery) signing out.

Day 1

Yesterday was the first day at Fort Tombecbe! Below is a picture of our team under the flags of the three European powers that occupied this site (not in chronological order, however):

As it was our first day, there was a lot to explain. We started off by driving over a bridge where we were able to see the Tombigbee River and the bluff on which the French established the fort. The river that we see today is much bigger than the one that existed when Fort Confederation and Fort Tombecbe operated. Although Fort Confederation was built above Fort Tombecbe, Fort Tombecbe was much larger.

After getting to the site, we toured Fort Confederation and the monument that was erected. Seeing the site in person helped to solidify its importance as a buffer against the British. Its location is strategically important because it is much further inland into the French territory. However, it was mainly used as a trading post.

Our first job, after setting up our cap where we house tools and gear, was to remove the sand that lay on top of the tarp, which protected the previous excavations made in 2012. Without a doubt, the hardest thing of a city gal like me was wielding the wheelbarrow! The picture below is of us removing the sand from above the tarp, which is visible at the edges:

Half of us focused on the bread over area:

The other half of us addressed the area where the palisade stood and possibly the banquette:

There is a post hole that was previously excavated and is thought to be part of the banquette. The site is laid out in a grid pattern of one meter squares. I was tasked to dig in the one meter square next to the one with post hole. We are hoping that this square also contains a post hole, which would provide us with more information in determining the location of the banquette and its particular construction. Before we could excavate, however, we had to remove the small vines that were growing over the previously excavated areas.

A note on bugs: I’m used to Texas sized bugs. But Alabama, you have some of the biggest bees and other bugs that I have ever seen!!

- Eleanor Kolb

-        

Bienvenue! Welcome! to the blog for the 2014 Archaeological Field School!

In the past two days, students have arrived in Livingston from Florida, Illinois, Texas, and around Alabama to join the project. They will spend the next four weeks learning archaeology and how to apply it to the study of the past. Although their experience is just beginning, preparations for the project have been underway for several weeks. The Black Belt Museum staff have been working at Fort Tombecbe cutting trees and brambles, surveying and setting up equipment. Screens have been repaired and tools sharpened. Keeping students and staff comfortable and well-fed are also essential for a successful project, so menus have been planned and groceries bought. The excavation itself cannot take place for the sake of excavation or solely for instructing students in methods. Archaeology, though careful and precise, does disassemble archaeological sites, each of which is unique and non-renewable. It must, therefore, proceed carefully and with well-defined goals. The overarching research goals of the Fort Tombecbe Project are to better understand what life was like for Europeans stationed there in the 18th century, the nature of their interactions with native peoples, and how each of these groups affected the other. We hope also to learn how the unique landscape and geology of the Black Belt prairie affected construction and management of Fort Tombecbe and how it compared to contemporaneous forts in the colony of La Louisiane. These goals were pursued in 2012 by excavating a portion of the palisade wall and the bakery. (See earlier posts in this blog for details.) In the 2014 season, we will complete a study of the palisade wall and bakery, focusing particularly on architectural details, and I am especially excited to extend our excavations to investigate the soldiers' barracks. In this location, we are looking for evidence of the daily lives of those stationed at the fort and hope to find artifacts of a more personal nature. I hope that you will join us by keeping up with this daily blog as written by the students who are experiencing it all firsthand.
-Ashley Dumas